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Prepared for The Maumee Valley Heritage Corridor, Inc.
G.
Michael Pratt, Ph.D.
Heidelberg College
Tiffin, Ohio
September 1995
Abstract
In June of 1995, the Maumee Valley Heritage Corridor, Inc. conducted an archaeological survey of a 647,732 m2 parcel of City of Toledo property located within the corporate limits of the City of Maumee. The project was carried out as a remote sensing reconnaissance survey designed to locate evidence of the Battle of Fallen Timbers of August 20, 1794. Over three hundred battle related artifacts, principally shot and uniform buttons, were recovered from a sample area of the property. The distribution of these artifacts indicates that battle related debris occurs throughout the project area but is concentrated in the eastern third. The area of artifact concentration is interpreted as a portion of a skirmish between elements of the right wing of the federal army and the Native confederacy. The archaeological determination of the location of this skirmish area provides a reference point for historical interpretation of the location of the site and/or for future archaeological research.
Acknowledgments
The Fallen Timbers Archaeology Project was the result of the efforts of many people and organizations. My research of the battle was carried out in part through Heidelberg College's Aigler Faculty Research Grant program and with the assistance of the Library's reference staff. The Maumee Valley Heritage Corridor, Inc. and its executive board worked for more than a year to convince the City of Toledo to allow an archaeological survey on their property. Mayor Pauken and the Maumee City Council's courageous decision to delay rezoning of the property provided the catalyst for the present survey.
The Cities of Toledo and Maumee provided funding for the survey and, with the Toledo Metroparks, lent their workers and their expertise in preparing the survey area. The Heritage Corridor's Ted Ligibel, Carolyn Fox and Kent Gardam administered the funds. Mayor Pauken and Richard Krieger of the City of Maumee, Walter Edelen of the City of Toledo, Jean Ward of the Metroparks, Maura Johnson of the Ohio Historic Preservation Office and Paul Labovitz and Rory Robinson of the National Park Service represented the interests of their institutions and provided advice and great assistance throughout this project.
Richard Green and Larry Hamilton of Historic Archaeological Research, Inc., through their expertise in remote sensing and GPS, areas outside my own experience, made this project a success. I also thank them for their friendship. Brett Ruby and Bill Anderson, NPS archaeologists from Hopewell Culture National Historic Park, were "volunteered" by their superiors and took valuable field time out of their own research to help me with mine. During our somewhat frantic first week they supervised volunteers, took responsibility for mapping and "pitched in" wherever needed. Franco Ruffini and Al Tonetti of the Ohio Historical Society and the Ohio Historic Preservation Office also assisted in the field work.
The heart of the Fallen Timbers Archaeological Project was the many volunteers who spent hours, days and weeks in the sun, rain and heat while on their own road through the field or the laboratory to the Battle of Fallen Timbers. Many were members of the Toledo Area Aboriginal Research Society who are experienced in working with professional archaeologists. I know them well and probably do not thank them as often as they deserve. For many others, this was their first archaeological experience. The project drew a collection of folks interested in archaeology, metal detectors, and history; as well as those who "just wanted to know..." The diversity of interests and expertise created a vitality within the crew which kept us going when the fields were muddy, the woods were mosquito filled, and the number of musket balls left to catalog seemed endless. Appendix B contains the names of one hundred seventy who signed the volunteer log managed by Doug Roose, who spent all of each and every day welcoming volunteers. A personal thanks to all of them, and to any whose names were not recorded.
Finally, a special thanks to my wife, Patty, who has learned far more about archaeology and the Battle of Fallen Timbers than she wanted. Patty's ability to organize and control a computer data base and her clear perception of the solutions to puzzling problems amazes even those who know her well. Without her organizational skills the lab work might still be in progress.
G. Michael Pratt
September 13, 1995
Introduction
The Battle of
Fallen Timbers, August 20, 1794 Historical
Evidence for the Location of the Battle Environmental
Setting Previous
Archaeological Research Survey
Methodology Field Survey
Laboratory
Methodology Analysis:
Distribution of Artifacts Analysis:
Battlefield Remains Analysis:
Possible Battlefield Remains Analysis:
Prehistoric Artifacts Analysis:
Recent Artifacts Interpretations
Interpretations:
Projectile Distribution Interpretations:
Button Distribution Archaeology
and the Battle of Fallen Timbers Conclusions
References
Figures Maps Plates Appendix A
(Catalog of Artifacts) Appendix B
(Fallen Timbers Archaeology Project Volunteers) In the spring of 1995, the Cities of Maumee and Toledo agreed to conduct an archaeological survey within a parcel of land located in their Joint Economic Development Zone. The approximately 647,732 m2 (160 acre) parcel of land is owned by the City of Toledo but lies within the municipal boundary of Maumee, Ohio. A proposal and budget for a professionally directed, volunteer labor based survey designed to locate or rule out the presence of battlefield remains was submitted by the Maumee Valley Heritage Corridor, Inc. and accepted in May of 1995. The proposal called for a large sample of the parcel to be investigated by remote sensing with subsequent exploration and identification of the source of all significant signals. Significant artifacts were to be mapped using the Global Positioning System. Artifacts recovered in the survey were to be cleaned, identified, cataloged and analyzed. The Heidelberg Archaeology Laboratory was specified in the proposal as the curation site for the collection.
This proposal was accepted by all parties in May and preparation of the site area began on June 5, 1995 with the establishment of a reference grid and clearing of brush from the wooded portions of the sample area. These activities continued into mid-June. Archaeological survey began on Saturday, June 10 and continued until Friday, June 21; GPS mapping activities were completed on Wednesday, June 27. A total of some 146,250 m2 of the project area (approximately 23% of the property) was subjected to archaeological survey.
Laboratory activities commenced on July 10 at the Heidelberg Archaeology Laboratory and, eventually, 406 artifacts were identified as significant (or potentially significant) to the archaeological record of the project area. In August, the City of Toledo required that the artifact collection be placed in their custody by September 30, 1995. The following is a report of the field and laboratory project, its results and the interpretations of the project director.
The Battle of Fallen Timbers, August 20, 1794:
On the morning of August 20,1794, The Legion of the United States marched downstream from its encampment at Roche de Bout (present Waterville, Ohio) in five parallel columns, each spaced approximately 200 yards apart. The center column included the Commander-in-chief General Anthony Wayne, his headquarters staff, the army 's artillery companies, extra ammunition and supplies, and at least some light infantry and dragoon detachments. Two hundred yards on either side of this column marched the right and left wings of the army, each composed of two Sub-Legions marching by company with the files doubled. Two hundred yards beyond each of these columns marched a flank column of Light Infantry and Riflemen. On the march, the army covered a front more than 800 yards wide. In front, behind and on the extreme left of the federal army rode elements of the 1500 Kentucky militia which had been called into service earlier in the year.
The right wing of the Legion marched along the crest of the valley bluff line through an "open woods" and was hampered by numerous ravines that crossed its line of march. The Legion's left wing and the flanking militia found the ground level, but poorly drained and characterized by dense forest and underbrush. A screen of 150 mounted Kentucky volunteers marched some 400 yards in front of two companies of regulars, who formed the front guard. These companies marched at least 200 yards in front of the main columns. After riding about five miles the mounted volunteers stumbled into the center of an ambuscade line of up to 1100 warriors of a confederacy of Ohio-Great Lakes Indian tribes. In the face of this ambush the Kentuckians fled and exposed the Federal front guard who attempted to retreat while returning fire but eventually also fled the field. The momentum of the Indian attack was stemmed about 160 yards in front of a hastily formed Light Infantry skirmish line. The warriors then sought shelter in an area of tornado-felled timber and opened a sustained fire fight along this skirmish line. The Legionnaires were slowly forced back some 80 yards as groups of warriors pressed forward and sought to flank their line. During this skirmish, the remainder of the Legion deployed from its columns into line of battle. This maneuver required each company to undouble its files and move forward and obliquely to the left to form on the left of the preceding company. On the right wing, the 1st and 3rd Sub Legions formed a single line while on the left, the 4th Sub Legion formed on the battle line with the 2nd Sub Legion in reserve. During this maneuver, the skirmish line was reinforced with riflemen and Light Infantry while Artillery companies from the center column joined the battle. The Artillery opened fire with shot and shell and switched to canister as the warriors pressed to within about 80 yards of their positions. As the fire fight spread along the length of the US line, Dragoons were ordered to ride to the river and flank the Indian line. This charge, lead by Capt. Robert MisCampbell, originated from near the center of the right wing of the Legion and never reached the river. MisCampbell was killed almost immediately and the cavalry charge quickly faltered when the troopers encountered heavy fire from concealed warriors.
On the left side of the line the reserve (2nd Sub Legion) was ordered forward to extend the battle line and protect the left flank, but before this move could be completed the entire Legion was ordered to charge. The charge was little contested except on the left of the U. S. line where a party of Wyandots and elements of the Canadian militia attempted to fight a delaying action. The Wyandots and their allies suffered heavy losses before being driven from the field. On the right, some of the Light Infantry were ordered into the flood plain, but were quickly recalled to the uplands due to their inability to advance through the tall grass. As the charge developed the mounted Kentucky militia was ordered forward to extend and cover the left flank. This extended the battlefront beyond that formed by the Legion Infantry itself, but the thick woods impeded their progress and prevented a major extension of the US front. Nevertheless, as the charge developed, hundreds of Kentuckians were advancing with the left flank of the federal line. The charge carried the army one to two miles downstream, halting only when Indian resistance dissipated and the Legion's formation became disorganized.
The Legion was brought to a halt, reformed and then remained in a defensive posture for several hours. No Indian counter-attack developed and after selection of a campsite, the army moved to the high ground overlooking the Foot of the Rapids and within sight of Fort Miamis and its garrison. Over the next two days small groups returned to the battlefield to collect wounded and equipment, although only minimal effort was made to bury the dead. The Legion marched through the battlefield on its way back to Roche de Bout on August 23, never returning to the site.
Historical Evidence for the Location of the Battle:
The Battle of Fallen Timbers is presently commemorated with three monuments in a small park owned by the Ohio Historical Society. The main monument overlooks the broad flood plain and rapids of the Maumee Valley and was generally assumed to overlook the battlefield. However the available contemporary accounts of the battle present descriptions of the tactics, formations and the battlefield terrain, that are at odds with "common knowledge" about the site of the conflict. The interpretation presented herein is based on information drawn from a large body of contemporary accounts including those of officers and men of the Legion of the United States, the Kentucky militia, the British Department of Indian Affairs, the Fort Miamis garrison, and Native Americans who were on or near the field of action of August 20, 1794 (Pratt 1995). These accounts indicate the battlefield lies in the upland area rather than in the flood plain.
General James Wilkinson's right wing formed its companies of the 1st & 3rd Sub Legions into a single line of battle. Regulations dictated that he defend a front 800 yards wide. On the left, Col. John Hamtramck's wing initially formed two lines, with the 4th Sub Legion in front and the 2nd Sub Legion in reserve. Between the two wings of the army, parts of four artillery companies and at least two companies of Light Infantry were deployed in line. During the battle, the 4th Sub Legion was ordered forward onto the left flank but the entire army charged before this move was completed. As the charge developed, the US forces, including the mounted militia, almost certainly covered a wider front than the 1600 yards dictated by regulations. Captain MisCampbell's unsuccessful mounted charge originated from behind the center of the right wing and his troopers rode across a "steep ravine" behind the line and ascended a "narrow point across which troops of the right were formed" before charging to his death. Only a single ravine system exhibits this "narrow point" over which troops might be deployed and a ravine which could extend behind Wilkinson's line. This ravine system crosses US 24 about 1000 feet downstream from the Fallen Timbers Monument. From the point at the mouth of this ravine, a line approximately 1600 yards long and perpendicular to the river extends across present US Route 24 to beyond the intersection of Jerome and Monclova Roads.
By assuming the position of the Legion's line of battle as described above, the site of other battlefield positions may be determined from the historic data in the following manner:
1. During the time it took the Legion to form, its advanced skirmish line came under fire from groups of warriors concealed in the "fallen timber". The initial exchange took place over a distance of 160 yards. As the skirmishers were forced back towards the battle line the Indians advanced and fired from positions at 100 and then 80 yards distant. These Indian positions and therefore the fallen timbers area itself, lie about 80-100-160 yards east of the battle line, also on the City of Toledo parcel.
2. Although it is more difficult to calculate the position of the original ambuscade set up by the warriors, the area appears to be at least six or seven hundred yards in advance of the Legion's battle line. This would place the area of the ambush line in or near the I-475/US 24 interchange. The Indian position is described as extending nearly a mile from the river with its right (inland) flank advanced. Such a line could extend through the City of Toledo parcel to north of the Monclova/Jerome road intersection.
3. In his counterattack, Wayne's charge carried his line one to two miles downstream. One mile in the direction of such a charge would have carried his line beyond the present St. Luke's Hospital, just east of I-475. A two-mile charge would have halted in the area of Ford St. or Kingsbury St. within the City of Maumee.
Pratt's interpretation of first-hand accounts is also supported by two of the three contemporary maps of the event. Among the contemporary maps of the battle, one published in The New York Magazine; or, Literary Repository: for October, 1794 (following page 642 in the original, reprinted in Knopf 1960) (Figure 1) confirms to the verbal descriptions of the geography and the disposition of forces. The topography and vegetation patterns on this map match those described by contemporary journalists and also match descriptions from the early 19th Century land survey records. The depiction of an unfinished Fort Miamis closely matches British accounts of the state of that post at the time of the battle (Pratt 1984, 1985). The location of the post-battle US camp also coincides with the contemporary British and American descriptions of the site. The scale of this map is quite accurate in terms of the distances between Fort Miamis and Wayne's encampment. When applied to the disposition of the US troops the map indicates the initial US line extended over a mile inland and the charge covered about one mile. This map also indicates the ravine in the rear of the right wing and the point of land across which the right wing was deployed. Finally, the Indian line is indicated to extend for about two miles.
Governor John G. Simcoe's sketch (Cruikshank 1925:99) (Figure 2), drawn during a visit to the field about a month after the battle also depicts the battle as occurring in the wooded upland area, rather than in the "meadows" of the floodplain. A British map (also published in 1794) which depicts the battle in the floodplain (Cruikshank 1924:396) (Figure 3), is at odds with all other contemporary sources about the location of the US encampment in the days preceding the battle, the direction of the battle and the orientation of the formations. The original sketch map from which the published copy is derived was drawn by Thomas Duggan in Detroit on August 23 and was based on the accounts of the first runners to reach the Indian department offices. In an accompanying letter, the artist indicates his unfamiliarity with the events and some of the terrain (Cruikshank 1924:409) (Figure 4). Unlike the first two, these maps were not prepared at the site; unfortunately, one was widely published in nineteenth century accounts of the battle and contributed substantially to the inaccurate "common knowledge" of the battle's location.
The Fallen Timbers Archaeology Project was designed to sample the City of Toledo property located within the area defined by I-475, US 24, North Jerome Road, and the Norfolk Southern Railroad for archaeological remains associated with the Battle of Fallen Timbers. At the time of the survey, the majority of the property was under cultivation for soy beans and the remainder consisted of second growth forest. The forest occupies much of the center of the project, but at the time of the earliest land surveys, the entire area was forested. Today, the remnant forest is listed in the National Wetlands Inventory map as Palustrine Forest (PFO1Y) (Gerhing 1993).
Toledo Silty Clay (To) and Hoytville Clay Loam (Ho) are the predominant soils of the project area. Both types are very poorly drained, nearly level soils and are often subject to ponding (USDA 1980). Somewhat poorly drained Nappanee and Del Rey soils characterize the southern edge of the property and form very slight, almost imperceptible rises in the otherwise flat field. The most prominent topographical feature within the survey area is a ravine system that heads as two small intermittent streams trending southward through the center of the forest to join about 150 m north of US 24. At their confluence a steep sided ravine forms and passes out of the Toledo property, through a culvert under US 24, cutting a wide opening in the bluff edge for an outlet to the Maumee flood plain. The southern part of the city owned portion of the ravine is characterized by St. Clair soils, a type that occurs on 12%-25% slopes. The project area generally matches the terrain described by one of Wayne's officers:
"...the river bubbling over a Rocky sheet is bordered by luxuriant prairie from 1/4 of a mile to 600 yards wide-then we have a regular swell rising to a height of 80 or 100 feet covered with timber of various denominations which is sparse on the brow of the height,...the surface is flat- the wood thickens-becomes swampy and in some places almost impervious from the underwood and small growth-it may be necessary to add that the high ground before spoken of which flanks the river in a direction nearly paralel[sic],- is cut by many deep short ravines, running nearly at right angles to the general course of this height-" (Smith 1952:289)
Previous Archaeological Research:
A review of the existing archaeological literature and the Ohio Archaeological Inventory indicated no known archaeological sites exist within the project area. The W.S. Woods Site (33-Lu-158), a prehistoric component, lies approximately 300 meters north of the project area. Five sites (33-Lu-119, -120, -136, -138 and -366) containing prehistoric and/or 19th-20th century historic archaeological remains were identified during the construction of the Jerome-Stitt Road exit for US Route 24. Most of these sites were damaged or destroyed by the interchange, but all were in an upland setting within 1 km of the project area. Finally, at least twelve sites (33-Lu-113, -127, -128, -129, -130, -131, -133, -134, -137, -257, -359 and -415) are recorded in flood plain settings to the south of the project, the commonly held site of the battle. Four of these sites were investigated in 1986-88 through a Toledo Metropolitan Park District public archaeology program (Pratt 1987, 1988). One of the sites produced 19th Century features representing a house cellar and a drainage ditch; the others were prehistoric. The prehistoric sites in the area represent components relating to PaleoIndian, Archaic, and Western Basin Late Woodland cultures typical of the Maumee Valley. The sequence of prehistoric inhabitation of the region is well documented (Pratt 1981).
Over the last 10-15 years, several individuals contributed significant information about the project area. Mr. Frank Johnoff collected prehistoric and historic artifacts from the present Side Cut Park floodplain before its purchase by the Metroparks. Mr. Johnoff's floodplain collections contain no materials relating to the 1794 battle. Mr. Bob Ostiffin, who grew up on Jerome Road and played in the project area in the 1950s, remembered seeing blades and large piles of sawdust in the woods. He believes these lumbering activities involved WWII POWs and remembered that a musket or rifle barrel was found in the ditch on the west side of Jerome Road during his youth. The present whereabouts of this artifact is unknown.
Many years ago, Mr. Thomas Parker, recovered several lead shot and a musket cock of the pattern carried by the Legion of the United States from a graded area near the old Jerome - US 24 intersection. These artifacts were found prior to the closing of Jerome Road and remain in the possession of Mr. Parker. William S. Woods, Sr., former owner of the project area, recovered a large musket ball in the fields north of the railroad tracks and east of Jerome road.
In summary, although it was generally believed that the Battle of Fallen Timbers occurred in the floodplain near the junction of Jerome Road and River Road, the archaeological remains known from this area and from the adjacent bluff tops do not include materials relating to the battle. On the other hand, a careful reading of the primary source accounts places the battle field in the uplands and several informants have recovered or reported artifacts from the uplands which might relate to 1794-era firearms.
The goal of the Fallen Timbers Archaeology Project was to assess the likelihood that the specific project area contained archaeological remains of the Battle of Fallen Timbers. Therefore, a reconnaissance survey designed to effectively locate and record the location of pertinent artifacts was proposed. In the event that battle related remains were discovered, a secondary goal was to determine the extent of the site and, if possible, the location and extent of battle lines or positions within the project area. A sample area consisting of three 50 m wide corridors spaced at 150 m intervals along the longest axis of the app. 160 acre property (and oriented perpendicular to the suspected battle lines) and divided into 25 x 25 m survey units was selected (Map 1). Since remote sensing survey utilizing standard metal detectors has proven an effective means in locating spent bullets on battlefields (Scott and Fox 1989, Fox 1993), this technique was employed. All recovered artifacts were assigned individual field specimen numbers and their location recorded within the grid system utilizing metric tapes.
In addition, all potentially battle related artifacts were located via Global Positioning System (GPS). The GPS mapping was conducted utilizing a high performance 8 channel GPS receiver and both post-processing and real time (RTCM) differential correction formats. A peripheral synthesized FM receiver accesses differential GPS correction data provided by Differential Corrections, Inc. via a 57khz subcarrier. In the field, the GPS receiver and mutipath resistant antenna were mounted on a tripod and positioned directly over the location of a recovered artifact. The DCI FM receiver and its antenna were positioned for clear and uninterrupted reception of the correction data. Satellite information was collected and averaged at one second intervals with real time correction data simultaneously applied. The resultant UTM coordinates were recorded along with the survey grid coordinates and the field specimen number of each artifact. This information was stored in the receiver and periodically downloaded and archived. The GPS methodology was designed to achieve sub-meter accuracy of the X and Y coordinates, deemed acceptable for a reconnaissance survey and generation of distribution maps.
The survey was designed to utilize volunteers, but was staffed by G. Michael Pratt, the project director and Richard Green and Larry Hamilton of Historic Archaeological Resources, Inc., who supervised the metal detector operators and directed the GPS survey. During most of the first week of the project Brett Ruby and Bill Anderson, archaeologists "on loan" from the National Park Service's Hopewell Culture National Historic Park, worked as project supervisors. Many of the volunteers had previous experience in archaeology, particularly those from the Toledo Area Aboriginal Research Society, and were of great assistance in instructing and advising the many enthusiastic novice volunteers. Throughout the project the Maumee Valley Heritage Corridor's Dr. Ted Ligibel and Carolyn Fox (who served as project administrator); Maumee Mayor Stephen Pauken; and Toledo-Lucas Planning Commission Director Walter Edelen were of great assistance.
On June 5, 1995 a City of Toledo Survey crew began setting out the first of the 50 m wide survey corridors. The grid was anchored to two ODOT right-of-way stakes along the fence line separating the project area from US 24 and thus orienting the survey grid parallel to the existing highway and approximately perpendicular to the ravine system. The right-of-way boundary was designated N 100 m and the initial corridor centerline (Corridor 1) was established 125 m north of this line (or grid N 225). Two additional corridor centerlines (Corridors 2 & 3) were planned at 175 m intervals (N 400 & N 575). Employees of Side Cut Metropark and the City of Maumee cut brush and saplings in the forest for the survey crew; however, the heavy vegetation so greatly impeded survey efforts that the Corridor 3 centerline was moved 350 meters north of the second corridor (to N 750) in order to completely avoid the woods. In spite of relocating this corridor, brush clearing and survey activities in the forest continued beyond the estimated week. The Toledo, Maumee and Metropark crews worked at the site from June 5 to June 15 to complete the survey grid.
Archaeological activities began Saturday morning, June 10, 1995 at the easternmost end of Corridor 1. Proposed plans to conduct a "sweep" of the corridor were modified due to the large number of volunteers available and the need to assess the effectiveness of the detector operators. Rich Green and Larry Hamilton met with the detector operators and tuned their equipment to discriminate out surface nails and small iron fragments; then individual operators were assigned to 25 x 25 m survey units. Each operator surveyed by walking a series of overlapping N-S transects and flagging all signals. Several excavation crews were assigned to each unit, accompanied by a "pointer", a detector operator who could center the excavation area over the electronic signal (Plate 1 & 2). Generally, less experienced operators and less sophisticated detectors were assigned as pointers. Artifacts were excavated from plowzone contexts with trowels or small shovels, placed in a plastic bag and pinned at the excavation site. When subplowzone situations were encountered, artifact depth and soil profiles were noted. Recording and recovery were carried out by a mapping team supervised by Brett Ruby and Bill Anderson. The mapping team assigned an individual Field Specimen number (FS#), recorded the location within the unit, and collected the artifact (Plate 3). The marker flag, then exhibiting the FS# was left in place for later GPS mapping (Plate 4).
This technique proved effective and offered several advantages over the "sweep" technique utilized at other sites (Scott and Fox 1989, Fox 1993). By keeping the entire crew concentrated in a relatively small area, close supervision was facilitated. Metal detector surveyors were able to check on their own work and therefore retune their machines or refine their own assessments of signals. Finally, crew members could be quickly assembled to view and acquaint themselves with shot and other artifacts associated with the battlefield component and with modern objects (such as shotgun shells fragments) which could be discarded.
Under intermittent rain showers, and interrupted by widely scattered thundershowers, field activities continued throughout the first day. By late Saturday afternoon, some 20,000 square meters (32 units) were surveyed; 96 artifacts were assigned FS numbers, recorded and recovered; and about 30 artifacts were mapped by GPS. Among the artifacts recovered the first day were about 40 spent and unfired shot ranging from about .20 to .60 caliber, a large gunflint, and three buttons. Two of the buttons exhibited the eagle motif of the Legion of the United States. By the end of the first day, it was clear that the project area was a part of the Fallen Timbers Battlefield.
Due to the success of the first day's survey, the pattern established on June 10 became modus operandi for most of the subsequent fieldwork. Heavy rains in the evening of June 10 delayed operations on Sunday and created extremely muddy conditions over much of the project area. Recovery and mapping activities continued in Corridor 1, but the focus of survey activities shifted to the eastern end of Corridor 2. Archaeological remains of the battle (predominantly rifle shot) were recovered throughout the day bringing the total number of field specimens to nearly 150. By the end of the second day, it was clear that the unexpectedly high number of battle-related artifacts and the greater than expected volunteer effort would require the full attention of the staff and preclude GPS mapping during regularly scheduled hours. Therefore, Pratt, Green and Hamilton made the decision to carry out GPS mapping on weekday mornings, before the scheduled 12:30 to 8:30 p.m. survey period. Ruby and Anderson, the NPS archaeologists, agreed to join in. Beginning on Monday, June 12, the project staff carried out GPS survey activities on an 8:30- 12:00 p.m. schedule. From this point on, project activities were carried out 12 hour/day on weekdays, although volunteers were discouraged during the morning hours.
During the first week, vehicle access to the project area was restricted due to continued muddy conditions. Survey of Corridor 2 from the east edge of the woods to I-475 was completed and much of Corridor 3 was surveyed by mid-week. These areas also produced ample evidence of the Battle of Fallen Timbers in the form of shot and, in Corridor 2, more federal army buttons. The unexplored areas of Corridor 1 remained muddy or ponded throughout the week. During the latter part of the week survey activities were carried out west of and in the forested areas of Corridors 1 and 2. In the forest, a metal detector operator and a recovery team were assigned to each survey unit. All positive remote sensing signals were immediately investigated and, where appropriate, field specimens were assigned numbers, collected and mapped with the assistance of "floating" mapping crews.
Survey of the forest proved to be much less effective than in the cultivated areas for a number of reasons. The understory vegetation often hindered remote sensing efforts; not only by preventing detection in thicket areas, but also by hindering straight-line transect surveys within a unit. Secondly, much of the forested area was littered with spent shotgun cartridges resulting from modern deer hunting (at least five tree blinds were encountered in the two survey corridors). Since the detectors were more sensitive to the brass in these shells than to the lead and pewter artifacts that characterize the majority of the 1794 remains; recovery of most or all of the shotgun shells from a survey unit was a prerequisite to meaningful survey for battlefield artifacts. Finally, the tree canopy interrupted satellite signals and precluded GPS mapping of artifacts within the forest. Survey of the forest was carried out in Corridor 1 from the eastern edge of the woods, across the ravine and into the hawthorn thickets to the west for a total of 175 m. In Corridor 2, only the easternmost 250 meters of the forest was explored. In spite of the difficulty of survey, the shot and the socket bayonet recovered from the forest clearly demonstrate that the woods contain artifacts similar to those recovered around its margins.
By the weekend of June 17-18, it was apparent that the areas of highest artifact density occurred east of the forest in Corridors 1 and 2. In anticipation of large numbers of volunteers, a series of six 25 meter wide survey corridors were established on the site grid perpendicular to the original survey corridors at areas where concentrations of buttons and shot had been noted. The new corridors were surveyed by the "sweep" technique utilized at the Little Bighorn Battlefield site (Scott and Fox 1989; Fox 1993). The most experienced detector operators were arranged across the width of a corridor and these swept through the 25 meter wide area flagging all signals. The initial team was followed by a second group who concentrated on areas within the transect which exhibited no flags. Both detection teams swept each transect in both directions (south to north, then north to south) before moving to the next 25 meter transect. Recovery teams consisting of a "pointer" detector operator and two or more excavators recovered and bagged artifacts. Mapping teams assigned field specimen numbers, recorded the grid location, and collected the artifacts. Flags noting the FS number and grid location were left for later GPS mapping. This method, in combination with a large crew, proved extremely effective in locating and recovering artifacts. In addition, more area was surveyed on June 17-18 than in any other two day period. The "sweep" survey demonstrated that shot and Legion of the United States buttons were indeed concentrated in a broad (200 m wide) band from at least the northern edge of Corridor 2 southward to the US route 24 right-of-way.
By Monday, June 19, survey efforts began to focus on GPS mapping of recovered artifacts, rather than on further discovery. GPS mapping activities were conducted whenever satellite configuration and weather permitted while survey efforts were reduced to the areas of Corridor 1 and 3 where complete and partial units remained unsurveyed due to muddy conditions. After this date only selected volunteers were utilized, although the project continued to receive visitors. Artifact recovery activities continued until Wednesday evening. Thursday and Friday were devoted to GPS survey and the removal of the survey stakes from the cultivated field areas of the project. With the exception of the artifacts located along the eastern margin of the forest and those within the forest, GPS mapping of battle related artifacts was completed by Friday afternoon, June 23. On Wednesday June 25 the Historic Archaeological Research GPS team returned to the site and was able to map some additional forest margin targets. Those in the forest were manually inserted into the GPS computer. This activity completed the field aspects of the project.
Laboratory activities began on July 10, 1995 at the Heidelberg College Laboratory of Archaeology. Dr. G. Michael Pratt directed and supervised the efforts of volunteers who worked in the lab from 12:30-8:30 p.m. , Monday through Thursday until August 4, 1995. Artifacts from the site (N=496) were grouped into general categories based on field identifications. The categories included: buttons, shot, prehistoric lithics, and "other". With the exception of "other", artifacts were washed in a weak detergent solution with a soft brush, assigned a catalog number, cataloged with indelible ink, described, and entered into the site data base for further analysis (Plates 5 - 8). Artifacts in the "other" category were washed, and then resorted into two groups. Artifacts of obviously modern origin such as agricultural or lumbering equipment, modern tools, fence wire, fence staples, modern lead bullets, and shell casings were categorized as "discarded" (N=90). The Field Specimen number was recorded on the artifact, the artifact description was recorded, but the artifact was not given a catalog number. "Discarded" materials were, however, retained. The second group (still designated "other") includes three categories of artifacts: 1. items which might relate to the August 20, 1794 battle; 2. items, such as coins, pocket knives and ceramics, which could be identified with specific post-1794 occupations of the area, and 3. items which remain unidentified.
Second stage analysis was carried out by artifact category and included microscopic inspection, measurement, and comparative analysis. Buttons were identified by motif and type, the caliber and condition of shot were recorded and other significant artifacts were described. Final laboratory analysis involved group and individual specimen photography and manipulation of the data base to generate data for the GPS mapping.
GPS maps were prepared by Richard Green of HAR, Inc. The GPS database provided all of the information necessary to computer generate an artifact scattergram utilizing any of a number of digital map formats available as geographic reference. Mike Blakeman of Land Info, Aurora, Colorado donated a digitized USGS 7.5 minute Maumee, Ohio Quadrangle. This map was supplied in TIFF form and imported into ArcView 2.1 as a geographic theme. The GPS database provides the artifact distribution either in whole or in part as layers of various artifacts superimposed at the respective geographic coordinates. These data layers were, in turn, superimposed on the contours, vegetation patterns, highways, roads, and streams of the Maumee Quad. to provide additional detail to the site maps. The Maumee Quad. was supplied as georeferenced in the UTM coordinate system, NAD 27 datum. GPS coordinates collected using the WGS 84 datum were converted using Garmin proprietary software. Maps were generated on a color plotter.
Analysis: Distribution of Artifacts:
Of the 406 cataloged artifacts, 345 (85%) are associated or possibly associated with the Battle of Fallen Timbers, August 20, 1794. A small number of prehistoric artifacts (N=22) represents 5%, and unidentified or recent artifacts (N=39) represent 10% of the Fallen Timbers collection. Ninety artifacts recovered during the survey were eventually identified as resulting from archaeologically insignificant 20th Century activities (e.g. farming/hunting) and were not cataloged into the collection.
The majority of the battle related artifacts occur east of the ravine system (about E 825 m on the site grid) (Map 2). Artifact survey unit densities calculated for the areas sampled west of the ravine (.48/unit) and east of the ravine (1.3/unit) in the three survey corridors indicated the majority of fighting occurred in the eastern end of the project area. Subsequent survey of the area between grid E 1225 m and E 1425 m from Corridor 2 to the southern edge of the project area revealed an artifact density of 3.1/ unit, the most artifact-rich area encountered.
Analysis:
Artifacts associated with the Battle of Fallen Timbers were grouped into the functional categories first described by South (1977:95-96) and utilized in other reports on the archaeology of the early Federal Period (Polhemus 1979, Smith 1993). Battlefield artifacts were included in the Kitchen, Architecture, Arms, Clothing, and Activities Groups; the latter divided into a number of classifications including Military Objects, Stable and Barns, Miscellaneous Hardware and Unidentified Metal.
Arms Group:
The Arms Group artifacts include balls and shot, lead sprue and waste, gunflints, and gun parts and hardware.
Lead Balls and Shot: The largest group of artifacts recovered in this survey were 265 of the lead projectiles of varying caliber fired and dropped during the battle. These artifacts were analyzed for the following information:
Caliber: The caliber (diameter in inches) of balls and shot may be determined by actual measurement of undeformed balls and/or by calculation based on the weight of the shot. Following a process devised by Sivilich (nd), undeformed balls and shot were measured with a metric caliper at 45°, 90°, and 135° to the mold seam to determine an average diameter that was assigned as the caliber. All balls and shot were assigned a diameter based on the following formula.
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Projectiles of .16 to. 35 caliber were defined as "buckshot"(N=133) and assumed to be a part of the "buck & ball" loads commonly fired by US infantry muskets until about 1864 (Lewis 1956:108). Projectiles of .36 to .54 caliber were defined as "rifle balls"(N=89). Nine of the rifle balls exhibit impressions of cloth patches and/or marks from the lands and grooves of the rifled barrel. Projectiles of .55 to .63 caliber were defined as musket balls (N=43) of the type fired from the .69-.70 cal. musket issued to the Legion of the United States.(Lewis 1956:46)
Functional Type: Lead projectiles were also analyzed by functional categories: Dropped or unfired balls, spent or fired balls, balls exhibiting teeth marks, and drawn balls. Ninety percent of all lead projectiles (N=240) exhibited deformation, obliterated mold marks, bore marks, and/or patch marks and were designated as "spent". A total of 17 projectiles of various caliber (6%) were undeformed and exhibited clear mold seam and sprue marks indicating they were never fired. Seven more unfired balls (.03%) exhibited apparent human teeth marks. Five of these are rifle caliber balls (.43,.45,.52,.53,.54 cal.) and two are .61 cal. musket balls. A single .62 caliber ball exhibits the screw hole characteristic of a "drawn" ball, pulled from a jammed or misfired musket (Plates 10-14).
Lead Sprue/Waste. Three small fragments of melted lead or lead slag were recovered. The largest (311-052) weighed 7.75 g and measured 31.6 x 16.7 x 4.6 mm. The second (311-101) weighed 4.32 g and measured 24 x 16.4 x 6.4 mm. The smallest (311-102) measured 16.5 x 11.9 x 6 mm and weighed 2 g.
Lead disk/gunflint pad: Two flattened lead objects may represent lead gunflint pads designed to hold the gunflint steady within the jaws of the cock of a flintlock. One of these (311-100) appears to be part of a gunflint wrap, the other (311-105) may be a pad placed below the flint (Plate 15).
Gunflint: A single spall style musket flint (Hamilton 1979,1980; Stone 1974) (311-055) of an unidentified flint type was recovered from the surface. This artifact measures 28.2 x 32.4 x 12.6 mm.
Gun parts/hardware: No complete firearm parts were recovered. A metal flat spring (311-058), a cut brass fragment (311-084), and a possible iron trigger guard fragment (311-074) may be fragments of gun parts. The identification and association of these artifacts remains tentative.
Clothing Group:
This group includes clothing, buttons, buckles, and beads as well as needles, thimbles, scissors and other items used in clothing manufacture and repair. The sole representatives of this group are the 47 buttons, all of which were recovered from the cultivated field area east of the forest.
Federal Army buttons: Thirty-eight federal army uniform buttons ( 81%) bear the "frog-legged" US Eagle motif described by Wyckoff (1984) as Series B/Type 1. Several varieties of these buttons are known, bearing stylistic variations in the eagle design and exhibiting no stars or at least 15 stars. Albert (1974:15) and Wyckoff (1984:2-3) date all varieties to the period 1792-98 (Legion of the United States) while Kochan and Nass (1985:42) believe they may date 1789-98. Thirty-six of the Fallen Timbers buttons exhibit a long necked, single feather tail eagle/no stars motif (Plate 9). The motif is obliterated on two buttons and all are very friable and badly eroded from the effects of time and cultivation activities. These buttons are bimodally distributed, averaging 21.9 mm (N=25) and 14.2 mm (N=12 ). Buttons of this type occur in 23mm (coat) and 14mm (breast) diameter sizes at the Telleco Blockhouse Site (Polhemus 1979:223)and in two sizes averaging 21.6 mm and 13.5 mm at Fort Southwest Point (Smith 1993:296). Kochan and Nass (1985:43) state that Federal buttons of this period were produced in non-standard diameters but that they represent only two sizes, "coat" (large) and "vest" (small).
Non-military buttons: The remaining nine buttons are plain brass buttons of two types, Type 7 ("Tombac") and Type 9 (South 1964).
Type 7 buttons (N=8) were recovered in four distinct diameters: 15.4mm (N=1), 17.6-7 (N=3), 21.9 (N=1) and 25.3-6 (N=3). First produced in a gold-silver alloy in Siam, "Tombac" buttons were copied in the West using a "white copper" or "white brass" alloy of brass and arsenic (Johnson 1942:7). The button face was cast with an iron or brass wire eye cast into a cone-shaped boss [Olsen's (1963) Type D, South's (1964) Type 7 and Smith's (1993) Type B.] The back of the button was turned with a cutting tool, leaving concentric lines and earning this type the term, "spun back."
Buttons of this type are common to late 18th century sites of all types.
A single Type 9 [(Olsen's (1963) Type G] button was the largest (30.5 mm) from the site. This flat stamped brass button has lost the soldered wire eye and all but a few flecks of silver plate. Such buttons were recovered from the Federal Period deposits at the Telleco Blockhouse (Polhemus 1979:220) and Fort Southwest Point sites (Smith 1993:303).
Activities Groups:
Military Objects
Bayonet: A socket bayonet was recovered from the eastern end of the forested part of Corridor 2 (Plates 17- 18). The proximal socket and blade tip are missing, but the characteristics of the triangular blade [no blade guard, one flat face with a fuller beginning 200mm (8 in.) from the proximal end and one ridged face] indicate the bayonet is a pre-1770's French type, probably obtained by the US during the American Revolution. American produced copies of French bayonets and the model 1795 to 1812 US bayonets exhibit ridged blades without fullers or channels on the upper (flat) face (McNulty 1973:73). The overall length of this artifact is 394.3 mm (15.5 in.), its maximum blade width is 26.8 mm and it is 12.1mm thick. A bayonet blade fragment of this type was recovered from the Fort Southwest Point site (Smith 1993:368-370, figure 78).
Ordnance: A single, small iron shot (311-208) is the sole archaeological indication of the action of artillery on the field. The slightly deformed, .28 caliber ball appears to be part of a canister round fired from one of the Legion's small (2.85 inch bore) King Howitzers.
Analysis: Possible Battlefield Remains: Twenty-one artifacts representing other functional groups were recovered during the survey and although they may have been deposited during the battle, they are equally likely to result from nineteenth century use of the area.
Identification Catalog number Metric attributes (mm)
Kitchen group:
Two-tined fork...........311-093........... 102.9 X 18.1 X 14.1
Architecture group:
Forged nail..............311-049........... 58.3 X 2.4 X 1.4
Forged nail..............311-051........... 34.6 X 11.4 X 7.6
Forged nail..............311-057........... 77.6 X 28.6 X 10
Personal group:
Possible cut metal
ring fragment..........311-094........... 17. X 13.4 X 7.2
Activities groups:
Construction tools:
File.....................311-064........... 110 X 28 X 4.8
Iron tool fragment.......311-081........... 101.8 X 28.3 X 12.1
Stable and Barn:
Horseshoe nail fragment..311-054........... 15.4 X 8.4 X 5
Horseshoe fragment.......311-075........... 124.5 X 28 X 14
Buckle...................311-082........... 81 X 53.1 X 16.9
Miscellaneous Hardware:
Pointed bar..............311-067........... 25 X 10 X 7.7
"s" rod..................311-069........... 114.6 X 47 X 8
Forged rod...............311-070........... 95.2 X 14 X 9
Flat wire................311-077........... 17.8 X .1 X .1
Cut brass................311-084........... 21.3 X 15.6 X 0.9
Cut brass tube...........311-106........... 20.3 X 7.4 X .1
Military objects:
Rivet....................311-092........... 16.5 X 10 X 8.6
Finial...................311-108........... 22 X 9.6 Diameter
Unidentified metal:
Unidentified.............311-056........... 70 X 38.1 X 10.6
Unidentified.............311-076........... 25 X 20.4 X 1.5
Unidentified.............311-091........... 73.9 X 12.9 X 9
Analysis: Prehistoric Artifacts:
A small collection (N=22) of prehistoric artifacts were recovered during the survey. Most of these items were noted on the surface and were flagged, assigned FS numbers and mapped in the same manner as the historic remains. Other lithic materials were observed in the project area, but in general, prehistoric artifacts were only collected when noted within the sample area.
Ceramics: Three small (<2 mm) fragments of a ceramic shard were recovered during the excavation of a lead projectile. These shardlets are grit tempered and without recognizable surface treatment. The ceramics most-likely relate to the Late Woodland period. Late Woodland ceramics have been recovered from the prehistoric sites in nearby Side Cut MetroPark (Pratt 1987,1988) .
Lithics: Projectile Points (N=6) were assigned a type based on Justice's (1987) survey of projectile points of the northeastern North America (Plate 16). Identification and metric attributes of the prehistoric lithics from the site are presented below.
Table of prehistoric lithics from the Fallen Timbers Battlefield Site
Identification Catalog number Metric attributes (mm)
Projectile Point Tip..............311-126........... 36.75 X 19.3 X 6.8
Morris Cluster Point..............311-119........... 32.4 X 16.6 X 4.6
Madison Point.....................311-121........... 32.9 X 15.4 X 3.1
Madison Point....................311-115........... 30.6 X 20.2 X 5.9
Jack's Reef Corner Notched Point..311-129........... 42.6 X 21.5 X 5.8
Hamilton Incurvate Point
(resharpened).................311-120........... 18.4 X 16.7 X 4.8
Flake(unifacially retouched)......311-123........... 41.4 X 36.3 X 10.4
Flake(bifacially retouched).......311-122........... 32.6 X 26.4 X 9.2
Flake (utilized)..................311-111........... 29.3 X 19.7 X 4.3
Flake (utilized)..................311-118........... 28.85 X 24.7 X 2.95
Flake (utilized)..................311-127........... 25.2 X 21.6 X 3.1
Flake.............................311-110........... 24.2 X 19.9 X 6.8
Flake.............................311-112........... 22.9 X 16.2 X 4.4
Flake.............................311-113........... 21.9 X 12.6 X 4.3
Flake.............................311-116........... 24.3 X 27.7 X 5.7
Flake.............................311-117........... 26.5 X 12.6 X 9.1
Flake.............................311-124........... 15.1 X 18.8 X 4.9
Flake.............................311-130........... 8.2 X 13.0 X 1.1
Biface Fragment...................311-128........... 27.1 X 33.8 X 7.6
Worked slate......................311-125........... 85. X 58.9 X 20.1
Analysis: Recent Artifacts:
Artifacts resulting from late 19th and 20th century activities in the project area were identified, described, measured and cataloged into the collection. These artifacts are not considered in this report, but are included in the catalog appendix.
By all accounts, the only engagement fought by federal forces during Wayne's 1794 expedition into the Maumee Valley was the Battle of Fallen Timbers. Archeological investigations designed to survey the City of Toledo parcel produced indisputable evidence of this battle in the form of buttons from the uniforms of The Legion of the United States; buttons common to late 18th century sites and previously recovered from other federal sites of the period; a French manufactured bayonet of the type issued to the Legion; canister shot; and quantities of spent or fired rifle, musket and buck shot. Clearly, the project area was the site of a large fire fight involving the Legion of The United States. The Battle of Fallen Timbers is the only explanation for this archaeological site (Map 2). Because archaeological activities recovered battle debris at both ends of all three survey corridors and in both the cultivated field and forested sections of the sample area, the entire project area should be considered part of the battlefield. However, the archaeological remains are not evenly distributed throughout the project area and, in the context of the historic record, provide new and significant information on the location, size and pattern of the conflict.
Interpretations: Projectile Distribution: (Map 3)
Bullets from the Fallen Timbers site range in size from .18 to .63 caliber and have been grouped, somewhat arbitrarily, into three designations: buckshot (less than .36 cal.), rifle ball (.36-.54 cal.) and musket ball (.55-.63 cal.)
The first official US model musket was not produced until 1795, after this battle. The Legion infantry was armed with French muskets obtained during the American Revolution and with muskets of the same pattern assembled from parts made by American contractors. These smooth bore weapons were produced in .69 and .70 caliber. Musket ammunition was issued in the form of paper tubes containing the powder charge, ball and/or buckshot. Although the size of individual bullets vary," service loads" issued by the French and Americans for these muskets called for balls sized "19-to-the-pound" (about .64 cal.) In 1777 American armies learned that "Buckshot are
![[Lead Shot Chart]](FTArt/Final/Chart.LeadShot.GIF)
to be put into all cartridges which shall be hereafter made" and this remained a standard load for over fifty years. In 1841, "Buckshot" was sized about 180/lb. (about .30 cal.) ( Lewis 1956: 108-110). It is unclear if the addition of buckshot to a cartridge required a reduction in ball size. French muskets were sighted for 120 m (131 yards). Firing at standing individuals beyond 200 m required the infantryman to aim over the head of his adversary, and at 400 m the velocity of the ball was considered too low to cause a serious wound. In a test of 100 individual rounds fired from 157 m (166 id) at a 1.9 m X 32 m target representing the front rank of an infantry company (perhaps also the proverbial" broad side of a barn") only 38% of the rounds were direct hits.
Most of the musket (86%) and buck shot (82%) were recovered from a 200 m (183 id) wide area (E 1225-1425) in the field east of the woods. Here, the ratio of buckshot to musket balls (2.9:1) is identical to the load specified in the US Army's first cartridge specifications (1835 and 1837). Surviving examples of these cartridges contain a ball and three buckshot. The cartridges are tied with a thread which is also used to choke the buckshot above the ball and the ball above the powder (Lewis 1956: 129, Fig 16, Plate 24). Several of the spent balls recovered in this survey exhibit narrow, shallow cuts or grooves which may be thread impressions created as the ball burst out of the cartridge.
Although the American Rifleman of Revolutionary War fame usually carried civilian hunting weapons, in 1792 contracts were issued to supply the Legion's rifle battalions (Lewis 1956:49). Rifles were sighted for 250 to 300 yards (about 225 to 275 m) but increasing the charge could more than double the range. Lewis illustrates a .52 caliber contract rifle produced by Peter Gontier, a Lancaster County, Pennsylvania gunsmith, and Kauffman (1960:19) indicates Pennsylvania rifles of the period fell within the 35-60 caliber range. Legion rifle companies were issued shot pouches and powder horns and thus loaded with loose powder and a patched ball rather than with the paper cartridges which were common for rifles after 1813. Rifles and small bore trade guns were commonly supplied to the Native Americans by the British, however, the musket was apparently not a common weapon among the warriors. General Wayne, in reporting on the Battle of Fort Recovery (less than two months prior to Fallen Timbers), cited the finding of "a number of Ounce Balls & Buck shot" in the walls of Fort Recovery as an indication of " British or British Militia" among the attacking warriors (Knopf 1960:348). Therefore the spent rifle sized balls, which occur in a wide variety of calibers, could have been fired by Legion riflemen, or their Indian opponents. It is usually assumed that the Kentucky militia were armed with rifles, however, Congress, in the Act of 1792 established the militia with the requirements that each citizen enrolled supply his own musket, with ammunition to fit (Lewis 1956:46-47). If these regulations were enforced, the Kentuckians were armed with smooth bore weapons.
The rifle bullets (eight bearing the marks of a rifled bore or impressions of a cloth patch), were found throughout the survey area and represent the most widely distributed artifact type. Nevertheless, 65% of these 89 shot were found within the same area as the majority of musket and buck shot. Nine rifle shot (10%) were recovered to the east of this area, the remainder to the north and west.
The distribution of all lead projectiles suggest that over 80% of the musket fire and nearly two-thirds of the rifle fire documented in the survey was directed into a relatively narrow (200m/183 yd ) zone extending at least 350 m ( 319 id.) northwest of the I-475 exit to westbound US 24. This area appears to be a target of the US skirmish line composed of Light Infantry and Rifle Companies. The distribution of musket and buck shot throughout an area much wider than effective musket range supports the accounts of US officers (Bowyer 1843:318, Smith 1952: 291) that the skirmishers were forced to give ground and the enemy approached within 80 yards (73 m ) Rifle companies brought up to reinforce the Light Infantry could have fired through this target area, even from 75 m away. Advancing warriors, themselves armed with rifles and described as firing from their "coverts" of fallen timber, would have remained in range of the skirmish line, while their overshot or long range fire could (and did) strike the men on the main battle line (Knopf 1960: 352,Quaife 1929: 84).
Six rifle balls and two musket balls exhibit apparent human teeth marks and are probably unfired or dropped. "Chewed" balls are not uncommon and various explanations for the teethmarks have been offered ( e.g. Nass 1985) In this instance, a likely explanation is that some combatants carried a ball (or musket cartridge) between the teeth as an "emergency" round or chewed at a ball to prevent dryness in the mouth while in a hot and stressful situation. The balls were probably spit or lost on the field. One unfired .62 caliber ball exhibited a screw hole characteristic of a "drawn" load. This ball, found within the bullet concentration area was discarded after being pulled out of the barrel of a fouled or misfired musket. Most of the unfired shot also occurred in this zone and were probably dropped during the reloading process.
Interpretations: Button Distribution (Map 4)
All of the forty-seven buttons were recovered within the bullet concentration area east of the forest. The buttons were not evenly distributed and were rarely encountered individually. Five clusters of five or more buttons within an isolated area account for 85% (40) of the total buttons.
The Legion of the United States uniform included a wool coat which carried ten buttons on each lapel, four buttons each on the cuffs and pocket flaps and two buttons at the hips (Knox 1792) for a total of thirty-eight coat sized US Eagle motif buttons/coat; and a white linen vest with twelve of the small, vest sized Eagle motif buttons. Buttons on shirts and overalls or trousers worn by the troops usually did not bear insignia.
The largest button cluster (C1) contained both coat (N=8) and vest (N=7) buttons of the type worn by the Legion troops and a single medium sized Tombac style button. The buttons were recovered within an 11 x 9 m area of the N 425/E 1375 and N 425/E 1400 survey units in Corridor 2 . A cluster (C2) of eight buttons within an 8 x 7 m area of N 375/E 1350 produced both coat (N=3) and vest (N=3) size Legion buttons, a large Tombac style button and the large plated brass button. The third cluster (C3) contained four Legion coat buttons and a large Tombac button, all recovered within 6 x 5 m area of N 400/E 1300. Two button clusters (C4 and 5) were separated by only about five meters, but appear to be discrete groupings. Cluster 4 was represented by two large Tombac buttons, two Legion coat buttons and a single Legion vest button which were recovered from a 3 x 5 m area in the southeast quadrant of N 400/ E 1225; and C5, by two vest and four coat size Legion buttons from within a 7 x 5 m area in the N 350/E 1225 and N 275/ E 1225 survey units. A pair of coat size Legion buttons were recovered less than three meters apart in N 225/E 1225; and two small and one large Tombac buttons were less than five meters from one another in N 225/E 1225 and N 225/E 1250. The two isolated finds were Legion coat buttons from N 200/E 1150 and N 400/E 1250.
Four of the five button clusters identified in the field survey contain buttons representing all aspects of the uniform: coat, vest and other clothing (Tombac and Type G brass). The fifth (C5) contains coat and vest buttons. These clusters are interpreted as evidence of fallen Legionnaires who were left or buried on the battlefield. All buttons were recovered from within plowzone contexts and no human remains were found, however, the pattern of the artifact scatter (discrete clusters of buttons representing several items of clothing) does not support the causal loss of a few buttons by the army as a whole nor the loss of large numbers of buttons by individuals in a few areas. Heavy brush and fallen timbers may have dislodged buttons from retreating or charging infantrymen, but it is unlikely such actions could explain losses of 21% and 59%, respectively, of his coat and vest buttons (C1) by a single individual. Plowing into a shallow grave and disinterring durable artifacts like pewter buttons or the decomposition and disturbance by scavengers of an unburied corpse with subsequent deposition of buttons in a wide spread pattern seem more reasonable explanations.
After the Battle of Fallen Timbers the Legion's dead were treated in at least three different ways. The two dead officers (Capt. Robert MisCampbell and Lt. Henry(Harry) Towles) were buried immediately after the battle (McGrane 1914: 430), about nineteen bodies were buried on the 22nd (apparently where they fell) (Cooke1873: 339, Smith 1965: 8) , and many were left unburied on the field (McKee 1794).
Archaeology and the Battle of Fallen Timbers
The archaeology of the Fallen Timbers battle field provides new information on the location and course of the battle in general, and particularly on those aspects which occurred on the City of Toledo part of the larger battle field. Furthermore, the artifact locations and distributions provide reference points for the topographic and historic information contained in the accounts of the participants, grounding interpretations with verifiable fact.
General James Wilkinson's right wing of the Legion formed his battle line by displaying to the left from the top of the bluffs overlooking the flood plain and east of a steep ravine. Portions of that ravine lie at E 800- 850 on the survey grid, within the wooded area of the Toledo parcel. Wilkinson's anonymous journal states the right wing defended a front of 800 yards (Smith 1952:288) which approximates the distance to the bluff edge from the grid N 250 line, along the line of the N-S "sweep" corridors (E 1225-1425) where the density of spent shot was greatest. This 350 m (319 id) portion of the battle field represents a little less than half of the 800 id front defended by Wilkinson's right wing. Although the construction of the US 24, I-475, and Fallen Timbers Lane have destroyed the archaeological integrity of much of the remainder of this skirmish area, some traces may yet remain in the yards south of Fallen Timbers Lane.
The artifact concentration represents the remains of the skirmish that occurred in front of the battle line formed by the right wing of the Legion. As the right wing deployed, mounted Kentucky militia fleeing from the initial ambush rode around and through the line, in some cases forcing the individual infantry companies to open ranks to let them pass. Pursuing the militia, the attacking warriors came upon the skirmish line formed by the Light Infantry Company of Lt. Bernard Gaines. According to Wilkinson " our antagonist halted at Sixty & one hundred yards and gave us a feeble scattered fire by which I had a few men killed (Quaife 1929:84). As the skirmish continued, warriors sought cover in a fallen timbers area and began a pattern of rising to fire, dropping to reload and moving forward and inland in an attempt to flank the right wing (Shepard 1945: 18). Gaines's Light Infantry were reinforced with elements of the Springer's 1st Sub Legion rifle battalion, but the skirmishers were forced to give ground as the attacking warriors pressed to within 100 yards and then 80 yards of his position.
Spent US musket balls occur from E 1150 to E 1500 (450m/410yds) and are of greatest concentration in the area E 1225 to 1425. (200m/182yds) At either of these distances, musket fire would have been ineffective, although rifles could have been . Therefore, it is likely that the broad band of concentrated spent musket shot represents the westward movement of the center of the skirmish area resulting from the retrograde movements of Gaines and Springer. The concentrations of buttons may represent the "few men killed" in the course of the skirmish. The recovery of a US bayonet in N 425/E 1150, 75 meters outside the edge of the bullet concentration may mark one of the positions to which the skirmishers withdrew. Wilkinson's main formations stood somewhere within the 300 m wide area between the ravine and this skirmish position.
In the final action, the Legion charged into and through the fallen timbers area, driving the warriors ahead of them. Individuals on both sides exchanged shots in an opportunistic, rather than a disciplined manner. This undoubtedly contributed to the archaeological record, particularly in the extreme eastern end of the project.
North of the forested area the artifact pattern is quite different. No musket balls or buttons were recovered and the density of rifle and buckshot is relatively low. Accounts of the officers in the left wing indicate that the 4th Sub Legion formed a battle line with the 2nd Sub Legion formed in reserve. Thus while the right wing defended an 800 yard front, the left wing line would have extended about 400 yards (or across the railroad tracks and nearly to Monclova Road) Here, wrote Captain John Cooke of the 4th Sub Legion, the heaviest attacks came as "the Indians made several desperate attempts to turn our left flank with considerable loss on their part" (Cooke 1873 :316). The New York Magazine map indicates that the left wing battle line formed an obtuse angle with the right, bending westward. The map also indicates a gap between the two wings. The relatively light artifact scatter in the northern end of the field suggests that the Corridor 3 area sampled the gap between the two wings, or sample areas located east of the musket range of the 4th Sub Legion skirmish line. If the latter is the case, the 4th and 2nd Sub Legion positions were located wholly or partially west of present Jerome Road and extended northeastward beyond the present railroads to existing Monclova Road.(Map 5)
An archaeological survey of the City of Toledo parcel recovered over three hundred artifacts from the Battle of Fallen Timbers including uniform buttons from the Legion of the United States and spent bullets. The distribution of the projectiles indicates fighting occurred throughout the property, but the area of greatest artifact concentration occurs east of the ravine system and woods in an elongated area which extends to the edge of the survey area in the direction of the river. The artifact concentration is consistent with contemporary accounts of the location and description of the skirmish fought in front of the Legion's right wing and generally agrees with the New York Magazine map published within months of the battle. By locating the skirmish position, the location of other areas of the battle field can be inferred through contemporary maps and accounts. Pratt's (1995) interpretation of these accounts, coupled with the archaeologically determined skirmish position indicates the right wing of the Legion formed from the top of the bluff above present Side Cut Metropark, east of the large ravine and extended to the northwest, paralleling the ravine. Nearly half of this formation appears to lie within the project area. The lack of US musket shot in the most northerly survey corridor suggests the 4th Sub Legion Light Infantry was not firing into this part of the field. Thus, the left wing skirmish line was either positioned to the west, beyond musket range of the survey corridor; angled to fire north of the area sampled by the corridor, or both. The 4th Sub Legion probably formed its battle line west of present Jerome Rd.; south of and in between the existing railroad gradings. The 2nd. Sub Legion was held in reserve and then ordered onto the left flank of the 4th Sub Legion, extending that line towards Monclova Road. Finally, the Kentucky militia, who advanced beyond the left flank of the federal army during the final charge, undoubtedly expanded the area of conflict well north of Monclova Road.
The Fallen Timbers Archaeology Project recovered significant information on the location of a portion of the battlefield and provided strong evidence in support of recent interpretations of the size and scope of the entire battlefield. The Fallen Timbers Archaeology Project also demonstrates that surveys of this type could be applied to other areas of the battlefield, in and outside of the project area. The archaeological survey investigated only 23% of the project area, and although artifacts were found in all areas, the majority of the archaeological site remains unexplored. The site appears to meet eligibility requirements for National Register of Historic Places and The Battle of Fallen Timbers is a National Historic Landmark event. At present, the fate of this part of the battlefield lies in the hands of its owner, the City of Toledo.
Figure 1: Sketch of the
Ground at the Rapids of the Miami of the Lake, showing the
Position of General Wayne's Army previous to and after the Action
of the 20th of August, 1794 (New York Magazine 1794: following
642)
Figure 2: Lieut. Governor
John Graves Simcoe's map of the Battle of Fallen Timbers.
Prepared after his visit to the site, September 28, 1794.
(Cruikshank 1925:99)
Figure 3: British Map of
the Fallen Timbers Battlefield. Probably modified from the sketch
map of Thomas Duggan (Cruikshank 1924:following 396)
Figure 4: Thomas Duggan's
Map of Fallen Timbers. Sketched in Detroit based on information
received August 22, 1794 and included in a letter to Joseph Chew.
Chew's comments are appended to the upper left corner. (Record
Group 8,I. "C" Series Vol. 247:242, National Archives
Canada)
Appendix A: Catalog of Artifacts
Catalog North East Button Metric Number Artifact Provenience Provenience Diameter Attributes Caliber
311-001 Button: Tombac N225 E1250 17.6 mm 311-002 Button: US Army N200 E1250 21.7 mm(e) 311-003 Button: US Army N200 E1150 18.3 mm(e) 311-004 Button: US Army N425 E1400 14.9 mm(e) 311-005 Button: US Army N425 E1400 15.1 mm 311-006 Button: US Army N425 E1400 11.6 mm(e) 311-007 Button: US Army N425 E1400 22.5 mm(e) 311-008 Button: US Army N425 E1400 14.5 mm(e) 311-009 Button: US Army N425 E1400 20.4 mm(e) 311-010 Button: US Army N425 E1400 15.0 mm(e) 311-011 Button: US Army N425 E1400 21.8 mm(e) 311-012 Button: US Army N425 E1375 22.8 mm(e) 311-013 Button: US Army N425 E1400 23.9 mm(e) 311-014 Button: US Army N425 E1400 21.4 mm(e) 311-015 Button: US Army N400 E1300 23.2 mm(e) 311-016 Button: US Army N400 E1300 20.4 mm(e) 311-017 Button: US Army N400 E1300 21.1 mm(e) 311-018 Button: US Army N400 E1300 21.8 mm(e) 311-019 Button: Tombac N400 E1300 21.9 mm 311-020 Button: US Army N400 E1250 21.9 mm(e)
Catalog North East Button Metric Number Artifact Provenience Provenience Diameter Attributes Caliber
311-021 Button: Tombac N400 E1225 25.2 mm 311-022 Button: Tombac N400 E1225 25.6 mm(e) 311-023 Button: US Army N400 E1225 22.1 mm(e) 311-024 Button: US Army N400 E1225 23.2 mm(e) 311-025 Button: US Army N425 E1400 22.5 mm(e) 311-026 Button: US Army N425 E1400 14.6 mm(e) 311-027 Button: US Army N425 E1400 23.3 m(e) 311-028 Button: US Army N425 E1400 14.4 mm(e) 311-029 Button: Tombac N425 E1400 17.6 mm 311-030 Button: US Army N375 E1350 16.8 mm(e) 311-031 Button: US Army N375 E1350 22.1 mm(e) 311-032 Button: US Army N375 E1350 14.0 mm(e) 311-033 Button: US Army N375 E1350 23.1 mm(e) 311-034 Button: Type G N375 E1350 30.5 mm 311-035 Button: Tombac N375 E1350 25.5 mm 311-036 Button: US Army N375 E1350 20.9 mm(e) 311-037 Button: US Army N375 E1350 15.0 mm(e) 311-038 Button: Tombac N225 E1225 15.4 mm 311-039 Button: Tombac N225 E1225 17.7 mm 311-040 Button: US Army N350 E1225 13.4 mm
Catalog North East Button Metric Number Artifact Provenience Provenience Diameter Attributes Caliber
311-041 Button: US Army N375 E1225 14.6 mm
311-042 Button: US Army N375 E1225 22.8 mm(e)
311-043 Button: US Army N375 E1225 21.0 mm(e)
311-044 Button: US Army N375 E1225 23.0 mm(e)
311-045 Button: US Army N375 E1225 20.2 mm(e)
311-046 Button: US Army N400 E1225 14.3 mm(e)
311-047 Strap N225 E1325 40 X 13.9 X 1.4
311-048 Crockery N200 E1425 40.7 X 30. X 8.
311-049 Forged nail N200 E1350 58.3 X24 1.4
311-050 Rivet N200 E1325 10.4 X .5
311-051 Forged nail N200 E1325 34.6 X 11.4 X 7.6
311-052 Fragment N200 E1300 31.6 X 16.7 X 4.6
311-053 Flat piece N225 E1275 20 X18.6 2.7
311-054 Horseshoe nail
fragment N200 E1250 15.4 X 8.4 X 5.
311-055 Gunflint N200 E1225 28.2 X 32.4 X 12.6
311-056 Unidentified N225 E1225 70 X 38.1 X 10.6
311-057 Forged nail N225 E1200 77.6 X28.6 X10
311-058 Flat spring fragment N200 E1175 27 X 4.6 X 1.7
311-059 Shim N200 E1175 51.4 X 20.8 X 4.8
311-060 Ring fragment N200 E1100 45.6 X 5.5
Catalog North East Button Metric Number Artifact Provenience Provenience Diameter Attributes Caliber
311-061 1907 Liberty Nickel N200 E1100 21. Diameter 311-062 Pocket knife(1/2) N200 E1075 60 X 15. X 11.1 311-063 Shot(spent) N200 E1050 0.32 311-064 File N200 E1075 110 X 28 X 4.8 311-065 Possible knife blade N200 E1075 124.4 X 22.8 X 8.3 311-066 Shot(spent) N200 E1050 0.30 311-067 Pointed bar N200 E1050 25 X10 X7.7 311-068 "Wheat" penny N200 E1050 18.8 Diameter 311-069 "s" rod N400 E1650 114.6 X 47 X 8 311-070 Forged rod N425 E1675 95.2 X 14 X 9 311-071 Shot(spent) N425 E1575 0.33 311-072 Flat piece N225 E1025 90.3 X 24.4 X 4.2 311-073 File fragment N425 E1525 79.2 X 20.8 X 5.4 311-074 Possible trigger guard N400 E1475 38.5 X 15.6 X 6.5 311-075 Horseshoe fragment N450 E1400 124.5 X 28 X 14 311-076 Unidentified N400 E1300 25 X 20.4 X 1.5 311-077 Flat wire N425 E1325 17.8 X .1 X .1 311-078 Buffalo nickel N725 E1300 21 Diameter 311-079 Fragment N725 E1300 59.2 X 38.9 X 12.4 311-080 Fragment N725 E1300 87.4 X 18.3 X 10.5
Catalog North East Button Metric Number Artifact Provenience Provenience Diameter Attributes Caliber
311-081 Iron tool fragment N725 E1250 101.8 X 28.3 X 12.1
311-082 Buckle N725 E1250 81 X 53.1 X 16.9
311-083 Shot(spent) N200 E0600 0.33
311-084 Cut brass N750 E1225 21.3 X 15.6 X 0.9
311-085 Pocket knife handle(M) N750 E1225 66.7 X 18.5 X 6.3
311-086 Cast iron fragment N750 E1250 63.2 X 13.8 X 7.9
311-087 Square nail N750 E1250 43.2 X 10.4 X 9.8
311-088 Cast iron fragment N750 E1275 46.1 X 19.4 X 9.6
311-089 Lead slip sinker N200 E0800 24.3 X 14.1 Diameter
311-090 Gas lamp burner N225 E0775 59.1 X 34.1 X 13.4
311-091 Forged iron fragment N425 E1425 73.9 X 12.9 X 9
311-092 Rivet N725 E1150 16.5 X 10 X 8.6
311-093 Two-tined fork N225 E0900 102.9 X 18.1 X 14.1
311-094 Possible cut metal
ring fragment N400 E1400 17. X 13.4 X 7.2
311-095 Socket bayonet N425 E1150 394.3 X 26.8 X 12.1
311-096 Wedge fragment N400 E1175 49.7 X 37.9 X 26.5
311-097 Pocketknife frags(2) N400 E1200 43.1 X 20.9 X 19.1
311-098 Cast metal fragment N450 E1275 20.4 X 18.7 X 4.9
311-099 1865 Indian-head penny N125 E1275 18.9 Diameter
311-100 Possible flint wrap N475 E1300 28.9 X 16.1 X 2
Catalog North East Button Metric Number Artifact Provenience Provenience Diameter Attributes Caliber
311-101 Melted metal fragment N200 E1325 24.5 X 16.7 X 6.4
311-102 Melted metal fragment N200 E1325 16.5 X 12 X 5.8
311-103 Rod fragment N200 E1325 25.5 X 4.5 Diameter
311-104 Possible gun furniture N225 E1325 38.4 X 13.6 X 1.4
311-105 Probable knife N425 E1125 149.1 X 28.7 X 11.8
311-106 Cut brass tube N300 E1425 20.3 X 7.4 X .1
311-107 1/2 lead disk N200 E0925 26.2 X 16.6 X 4.2
311-108 Finial N225 E0575 22 X 9.6 Diameter
311-109 RR button N200 E1350 18.9 Diameter
311-110 Flake N200 E1325 24.2 X 19.9 X 6.8
311-111 Flake(Utilized) N200 E1250 29.3 X 19.7 X 4.3
311-112 Flake N225 E1225 22.9 X 16.2 X 4.4
311-113 Flake N225 E1225 21.9 X 12.6 X 4.3
311-114 Fire-cracked rock N200 E1150 81.1 X 72.1 X 60.4
311-115 Madison Point N200 E1025 30.6 X 20.2 X 5.9
311-116 Flake N250 E0975 24.3 X 27.7 X 5.7
311-117 Flake N425 E1600 26.5 X 12.6 X 9.1
311-118 Flake(utilized) N425 E1600 28.85 X 24.7 X 2.95
311-119 Morris Cluster Point N425 E1350 32.4 X 16.6 X 4.6
311-120 Hamilton Incurvate
Point(resharpened) N725 E1125 18.4 X 16.7 X 4.8
Catalog North East Button Metric Number Artifact Provenience Provenience Diameter Attributes Caliber
311-121 Madison Point N150 E1300 32.9 X15.4 X 3.1
311-122 Flake(bifacial
retouch) N175 E1300 32.6 X 26.4 X 9.2
311-123 Flake(unifacial
retouch) N250 E1300 41.4 X 36.3 X 10.4
311-124 Flake N175 E1375 15.1 X 18.8 X 4.9
311-125 Worked slate N250 E1350 85. X 58.9 X 20.1
311-126 Projectile Point Tip N375 E1325 36.75 X 19.3 X 6.8
311-127 Flake(utilized) N250 E1300 25.2 X 21.6 X 3.1
311-128 Biface Fragment N225 E1400 27.1 X 33.8 X 7.6
311-129 Jack's Reef Corner
Notched Point none none 42.6 X 21.5 X5.8
311-130 Flake N225 E1350 8.2 X 13.0 X 1.1
311-131 Shot(spent) N200 E1275 0.55
311-132 Shot(teeth marks) N225 E1325 0.54
311-133 Shot(spent) N200 E1125 0.60
311-134 Shot(spent) N400 E1500 0.55
311-135 Shot(spent) N400 E1425 0.51
311-136 Shot(spent) N375 E1325 0.54
311-137 Shot(spent) N425 E1300 0.57
311-138 Shot(teeth marks) N425 E1350 0.53
311-139 Shot(spent) N400 E0600 0.52
311-140 Shot(spent) N125 E1275 0.55
Catalog North East Button Metric Number Artifact Provenience Provenience Diameter Attributes Caliber
311-141 Shot(spent) N200 E1275 0.53 311-142 Shot(spent) N150 E1300 0.53 311-143 Shot(spent) N275 E1300 0.54 311-144 Shot(drawn or jagged) N200 E1325 0.60 311-145 Shot(unfired) N325 E1325 0.62 311-146 Shot(spent) N125 E1225 0.53 311-147 Shot(spent) N125 E1225 0.60 311-148 Shot(spent) N200 E1225 0.54 311-149 Shot(spent) N250 E1400 0.50 311-150 Shot(spent) N200 E1350 0.61 311-151 Shot(spent) N200 E1325 0.54 311-152 Shot(spent) N200 E1300 0.60 311-153 Shot(spent) N225 E1250 0.48 311-154 Shot(spent) N200 E1250 0.61 311-155 Shot(spent) N200 E1225 0.63 311-156 Shot(spent) N225 E1125 0.48 311-157 Shot(spent) N225 E1150 0.51 311-158 Shot(spent) N200 E1050 0.40 311-159 Shot(spent) N425 E1700 0.44 311-160 Shot(spent) N400 E1600 0.40
Catalog North East Button Metric Number Artifact Provenience Provenience Diameter Attributes Caliber
311-161 Shot(spent) N425 E1675 0.42 311-162 Shot(spent) N425 E1600 0.47 311-163 Shot(spent) N225 E1000 0.49 311-164 Shot(spent) N200 E1350 0.42 311-165 Shot(spent) N425 E1300 0.54 311-166 Shot(spent) N200 E0450 0.45 311-167 Shot(spent) N750 E1250 0.44 311-168 Shot(spent) N400 E1125 0.50 311-169 Shot(spent) N150 E1275 0.54 311-170 Shot(spent) N200 E1275 0.60 311-171 Shot(spent) N275 E1275 0.60 311-172 Shot(spent) N175 E1300 0.61 311-173 Shot(spent) N175 E1325 0.61 311-174 Shot(spent) N250 E1325 0.59 311-175 Shot(spent) N275 E1325 0.43 311-176 Shot(spent) N275 E1325 0.62 311-177 Shot(spent) N175 E1350 0.61 311-178 Shot(spent) N375 E1350 0.48 311-179 Shot(spent) N450 E1350 0.46 311-180 Shot(spent) N350 E1400 0.62
Catalog North East Button Metric Number Artifact Provenience Provenience Diameter Attributes Caliber
311-181 Shot(spent) N350 E1400 0.60 311-182 Shot(spent) N225 E0950 0.53 311-183 Shot(spent) N225 E0575 0.55 311-184 Shot(spent) N400 E1400 0.41 311-185 Shot(spent) N400 E1375 0.30 311-186 Shot(spent) N425 E1300 0.30 311-187 Shot(spent) N200 E0575 0.34 311-188 Shot(spent) N200 E0575 0.32 311-189 Shot(spent) N200 E0575 0.38 311-190 Shot(spent) N200 E1300 0.33 311-191 Shot(spent) N275 E1300 0.31 311-192 Shot(spent) N275 E1300 0.29 311-193 Shot(spent) N275 E1300 0.42 311-194 Shot(spent) N225 E1000 0.44 311-195 Shot(spent) N425 E1400 0.41 311-196 Shot(spent) N200 E1200 0.36 311-197 Shot(spent) N725 E0975 0.39 311-198 Shot(spent) N150 E1275 0.30 311-200 Shot(spent) N250 E1275 0.30
Catalog North East Button Metric Number Artifact Provenience Provenience Diameter Attributes Caliber
311-201 Shot(spent) N275 E1275 0.33 311-202 Shot(spent) N275 E1275 0.30 311-199 Shot(spent) N200 E1275 0.30 311-203 Shot(spent) N275 E1300 0.34 311-204 Shot(spent) N350 E1325 0.36 311-205 Shot(spent) N375 E1300 0.44 311-206 Shot(spent) N150 E1350 0.31 311-207 Shot(spent) N225 E1000 0.37 311-208 Iron shot(spent) N325 E1225 0.28 311-209 Shot(spent) N325 E1400 0.31 311-210 Shot(spent) N200 E1400 0.41 311-211 Shot(spent) N200 E1400 0.40 311-212 Shot(spent) N225 E0525 0.33 311-213 Shot(spent) N200 E0575 0.27 311-214 Shot(spent) N200 E0575 0.28 311-215 Shot(spent) N200 E0375 0.40 311-216 Shot(spent) N750 E1075 0.34 311-217 Shot(spent) N200 E1050 0.26 311-218 Shot(spent) N225 E1000 0.32 311-219 Shot(spent) N225 E1000 0.34 311-220 Shot(spent) N200 E1000 0.32
Catalog North East Button Metric Number Artifact Provenience Provenience Diameter Attributes Caliber
311-221 Shot(spent) N225 E1150 0.29 311-222 Shot(spent) N750 E1250 0.29 311-223 Shot(spent) N750 E1275 0.31 311-224 Shot(spent) N250 E1225 0.31 311-225 Shot(spent) N350 E1400 0.30 311-226 Shot(spent) N350 E1400 0.31 311-227 Shot(spent) N275 E1400 0.33 311-228 Shot(spent) N250 E1400 0.32 311-229 Shot(spent) N225 E1400 0.34 311-230 Shot(spent) N200 E1350 0.39 311-231 Shot(spent) N200 E1350 0.47 311-232 Shot(spent) N350 E1325 0.42 311-233 Shot(spent) N175 E1350 0.32 311-234 Shot(spent) N225 E1350 0.37 311-235 Shot(spent) N375 E1350 0.31 311-236 Shot(spent) N375 E1350 0.52 311-237 Shot(spent) N275 E1350 0.31 311-238 Shot(spent) N400 E1325 0.37 311-239 Shot(spent) N475 E1350 0.34 311-240 Shot(spent) N125 E1225 0.37
Catalog North East Button Metric Number Artifact Provenience Provenience Diameter Attributes Caliber
311-241 Shot(spent) N150 E1225 0.28 311-242 Shot(spent) N150 E1225 0.31 311-243 Shot(spent) N175 E1225 0.33 311-244 Shot(spent) N350 E1225 0.47 311-245 Shot(spent) N275 E1300 0.31 311-246 Shot(spent) N400 E1400 0.30 311-247 Shot(spent) N375 E1400 0.33 311-248 Shot(spent) N375 E1400 0.36 311-249 Shot(spent) N300 E1400 0.30 311-250 Shot(spent) N300 E1400 0.42 311-251 Shot(spent) N275 E1400 0.40 311-252 Shot(spent) N200 E0950 0.27 311-253 Shot(spent) N225 E0925 0.43 311-254 Shot(spent) N325 E1400 0.40 311-255 Shot(spent) N225 E1225 0.30 311-256 Shot(spent) N200 E1125 0.32 311-257 Shot(spent) N200 E1250 0.32 311-258 Shot(spent) N225 E1250 0.33 311-259 Button: US Army N200 E1250 20.99 cm(e) 311-260 Shot(spent) N200 E1250 0.46
Catalog North East Button Metric Number Artifact Provenience Provenience Diameter Attributes Caliber
311-261 Shot(spent) N200 E1150 0.39 311-262 Shot(spent) N200 E1150 0.44 311-263 Shot(spent) N400 E1625 0.42 311-264 Shot(spent) N400 E1600 0.45 311-265 Shot(spent) N425 E1600 0.36 311-266 Shot(spent) N425 E1475 0.39 311-267 Shot(spent) N400 E1375 0.37 311-268 Shot(spent) N425 E1400 0.44 311-269 Shot(spent) N725 E1275 0.49 311-270 Shot(spent) N200 E0575 0.47 311-271 Shot(spent) N725 E1175 0.43 311-272 Shot(spent) N750 E0925 0.44 311-273 Shot(spent) N425 E1425 0.41 311-274 Shot(spent) N300 E1275 0.39 311-275 Shot(spent) N375 E1275 0.41 311-276 Shot(spent) N175 E1300 0.39 311-277 Shot(spent) N275 E1300 0.42 311-278 Shot(unfired) N225 E1325 0.47 311-279 Shot(spent) N275 E1325 0.41 311-280 Shot(spent) N175 E1350 0.48
Catalog North East Button Metric Number Artifact Provenience Provenience Diameter Attributes Caliber
311-281 Shot(spent) N175 E1350 0.51 311-282 Shot(spent) N350 E1350 0.41 311-283 Shot(spent) N375 E1350 0.51 311-284 Shot(spent) N375 E1350 0.42 311-285 Shot(spent) N325 E1225 0.37 311-286 Shot(spent) N350 E1225 0.43 311-287 Shot(spent) N375 E1225 0.39 311-288 Shot(spent) N350 E1400 0.49 311-289 Shot(spent) N225 E0525 0.36 311-290 Shot(spent) N200 E1250 0.61 311-291 Shot(unfired) N200 E1250 0.62 311-292 Shot(spent) N225 E1225 0.62 311-293 Shot(teeth marks) N200 E1050 0.61 311-294 Shot(teeth marks) N400 E1475 0.61 311-295 Shot(unfired) N400 E1375 0.62 311-296 Shot(spent) N425 E1425 0.62 311-297 Shot(spent) N100 E1275 0.62 311-298 Shot(spent) N100 E1275 0.59 311-299 Shot(spent) N375 E1275 0.62 311-300 Shot(teeth marks) N200 E1300 0.61
Catalog North East Button Metric Number Artifact Provenience Provenience Diameter Attributes Caliber
311-301 Shot(spent) N175 E1325 0.62 311-302 Shot(spent) N175 E1325 0.61 311-303 Shot(spent) N275 E1225 0.61 311-304 Shot(spent) N350 E1225 0.62 311-305 Shot(unfired) N400 E1225 0.62 311-306 Shot(unfired) N375 E1400 0.62 311-307 Shot(unfired) N375 E1400 0.62 311-308 Shot(spent) N200 E1350 0.31 311-309 Shot(spent) N200 E1350 0.28 311-310 Shot(spent) N200 E1325 0.30 311-311 Shot(spent) N200 E1300 0.31 311-312 Shot(spent) N200 E1300 0.31 311-313 Shot(spent) N200 E1250 0.28 311-314 Shot(spent) N200 E1200 0.45 311-315 Clinker N200 E1225 7.5 Diameter 311-316 Shot(spent) N200 E1225 0.30 311-317 Shot(spent) N225 E1225 0.31 311-318 Shot(spent) N200 E1175 0.31 311-319 Shot(spent) N225 E1175 0.25 311-320 Shot(spent) N225 E1175 0.28
Catalog North East Button Metric Number Artifact Provenience Provenience Diameter Attributes Caliber
311-321 Shot(unfired) N200 E1150 0.32 311-322 Shot(spent) N200 E1075 0.21 311-323 Shot(spent) N200 E1050 0.31 311-324 Shot(spent) N200 E1050 0.25 311-325 Shot(spent) N400 E1675 0.32 311-326 Shot(spent) N425 E1600 0.33 311-327 Shot(unfired) N425 E1600 0.31 311-328 Shot(spent) N425 E1600 0.18 311-329 Shot(spent) N225 E1000 0.36 311-330 Shot(spent) N425 E1475 0.25 311-331 Shot(spent) N400 E1400 0.33 311-332 Shot(spent) N425 E1400 0.23 311-333 Shot(spent) N400 E1300 0.32 311-334 Shot(spent) N400 E1225 0.31 311-335 Shot(spent) N400 E1275 0.35 311-336 Shot(spent) N400 E1275 0.31 311-337 Shot(spent) N400 E1250 0.31 311-338 Shot(spent) N400 E1225 0.38 311-339 Shot(unfired) N400 E1200 0.33 311-340 Shot(spent) N725 E1225 0.31
Catalog North East Button Metric Number Artifact Provenience Provenience Diameter Attributes Caliber
311-341 Shot(spent) N725 E1225 0.28 311-342 Shot(spent) N425 E1425 0.33 311-343 Shot(spent) N425 E1425 0.33 311-344 Shot(spent) N725 E1100 0.34 311-345 Shot(spent) N425 E1450 0.29 311-346 Shot(spent) N150 E1275 0.27 311-347 Shot(spent) N150 E1300 0.31 311-348 Shot(spent) N100 E1275 0.31 311-349 Shot(spent) N275 E1275 0.31 311-350 Shot(spent) N175 E1300 0.29 311-351 Shot(spent) N200 E1300 0.31 311-352 Shot(spent) N200 E1300 0.31 311-353 Shot(spent) N225 E1300 0.29 311-354 Shot(spent) N250 E1300 0.30 311-355 Shot(spent) N275 E1300 0.30 311-356 Shot(spent) N450 E1300 0.23 311-357 Shot(spent) N475 E1300 0.23 311-358 Shot(spent) N150 E1325 0.30 311-359 Shot(spent) N150 E1325 0.31 311-360 Shot(spent) N175 E1325 0.31
Catalog North East Button Metric Number Artifact Provenience Provenience Diameter Attributes Caliber
311-361 Shot(spent) N175 E1325 0.30 311-362 Shot(spent) N200 E1325 0.31 311-363 Shot(unfired) N325 E1325 0.32 311-364 Shot(spent) N200 E1325 0.31 311-365 Shot(spent) N225 E1325 0.32 311-366 Shot(unfired) N325 E1350 0.31 311-367 Shot(unfired) N275 E1350 0.27 311-368 Shot(spent) N275 E1350 0.33 311-369 Shot(spent) N300 E1350 0.27 311-370 Shot(spent) N100 E1225 0.32 311-371 Shot(spent) N125 E1200 0.32 311-372 Shot(spent) N125 E1225 0.29 311-373 Shot(spent) N125 E1225 0.16 311-374 Shot(spent) N150 E1225 0.28 311-375 Shot(spent) N225 E1225 0.24 311-376 Shot(unfired) N400 E1225 0.33 311-377 Shot(spent) N425 E1475 0.32 311-378 Shot(spent) N450 E1400 0.33 311-379 Shot(spent) N375 E1400 0.31 311-380 Shot(unfired) N375 E1400 0.32
Catalog North East Button Metric Number Artifact Provenience Provenience Diameter Attributes Caliber
311-381 Shot(spent) N375 E1400 0.31
311-382 Shot(spent) N350 E1400 0.31
311-383 Shot(unfired) N350 E1400 0.32
311-384 Shot(spent) N225 E0925 0.31
311-385 Shot(teeth marks) N400 E1300 0.52
311-386 Shot(teeth marks) N250 E1400 0.43
311-387 Shot(spent) N200 E1325 0.51
311-388 Shot(spent) N200 E1125 0.59
311-389 Shot(spent) N400 E1700 0.45
311-390 Shot(spent) N400 E1650 0.40
311-391 Shot(spent) N125 E1275 0.60
311-392 Shot(spent) N175 E1400 0.60
311-393 Minne' ball N750 E1250 28.7 X 23.7 X 10
311-394 Knife parts(2) N200 E1325 23.8 X 11.2 X .7
311-395 Shot(spent) N425 E1550 0.33
311-396 Shot(unfired) N400 E1225 0.33
311-397 1971 Jefferson Nickel none none 21.2 Diameter
311-398 1981 Lincoln Penny none none 18.9 Diameter
311-399 Prehistoric Ceramics none none
311-400 Pocket Knife-bone
handle none none 93.6 X 26.9 X 16.9
311-401 1975 Lincoln Penny none none 19.1 Diameter
311-402 1967 Quarter none none 24.3 Diameter
311-403 1912 Liberty Nickel none none 21 Diameter
311-404 1908 US Quarter none none 22.3 Diameter
311-405 Pocket knife piece none none 91.1 X 21.6 X .9
311-406 Boy Scout Knife none none 101.8 X 23.1 X 17.8
Appendix B: Fallen Timbers Archaeology Project Volunteers
Lorrin Allman
Jim & Pat Appold
Toni Arman
Tom Arman
Walter Baker
Tony Baltzell
Becky Beard
Jim Beard
Bill & Marcia Bearley
Kate Beebe
Kimberly Bellair
Marshall & Judy Bellman
William J. Bohland
Cheryl Braun
Cathy Brause
Mike Brighty
Charlie Brown, II
Walter Brown, Jr.
Mike Burzcewicz
Rick Carles
Richard Chapman
M. Ryan Coughlin
Jeffrey Cousino
Patty Croninger
Rita Davis
William H. Davis
Nick DeLorenzo
MaryBeth Dematteo
Aggie Drury
Marvin,Matthew&Rebecca Eckhart
Walter Edelen
Carol & Ryan Farris
Carolyn Fox
Margaret Franz
Vicki Friess
David Gajewski
Lynda Gallant
Kent Gardam
Tom & Nadia Garvin
Denise Gehring
Victor & Doris Geiger
Dale & Wendy George
Marcia George
Charles M. Gormley
Clyde Hadl
Mike Hagan
Christopher & Maureen Haley
Pat Harrison
Leah Heimbeck
Floyd Hennessey
Laurel E. Heyman
Rob Hill
Tom Hohl
Eloise Houston
Ernie Humberger
David Hummel
Bertha Hunt
Frank Huntley
John P. Jaqua
Dave Johnson
Ralph, Kathryn & Eric Johnson
Maura Johnson
Craig & Karen Kerr
Steven Kohut
Jill Kulakowski
Jim Leach
Amy Leafgren
Francis & Nancy Jean Lenhart
Ted, Pat & Ross Ligibel
Darlene Limmer
Jeni Lowden
Mike Mann
Bill Maxwell
Mike, Joel, Steve & Barb Mazur
Tom & Sean McGreevy
Larry Michaels
April Miller
Dave Moore
Donald W. Moyer
Jennifer Myer
Gary C. Newnham
Brian, Andy & Steven Nichols
Joe, Violet & Dan Nonnenmacher
John D. Okuley
Bob & Rita C. Osstifin
Christopher Owen
Betty Palmer
Eric & Ken Parr
Steve Pauken
Terry Perkins
Virginia H. Pfouts
Patty & Michelle Pratt
Caroline M. Rerucha
Jack Romig
Doug Roose
Franco Ruffini
William Rutter
Matthew & Stephen Schwartz
Daniel Schwartz
Douglas J. Seidl
Lynnette Setmire
Ken Sharp
Mary Shrader
Charles F. Smith
Paul Sneider
Darin Snell
Joe Stalma
Ellen Stanley
Pat Steiner
Mary Stelnicki
Roger & Kathi Sund
Kyle Sund
Eleanor Szirotzyak
William & Marilyn Teaderman
LaVonda Humberger-Thiel
Gary & Suzanne Thomas
Mike Thornton
Wade Timming
Al Tonettie
Glen Turpening
Tim Wagener
Jim Wallace
Art Weber
Matt Welkin
Debbie & Ryan Wikstrom
Deb Wolski
Robert Woods
David York
Lisa Zellner
Chet Zorecki
Fallen Timbers Archaeological Project Home Page
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